Pathos in MLK Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay -- Letter from B

Pathos in MLK, Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail    In his "Letter," Martin Luther King Jr.'s ability to effectively use pathos, or to appeal to the emotions of his audiences, is evident in a variety of places. More particularly in paragraph fourteen, King demonstrates his ability to inspire his fellow civil rights activists, invoke empathy in the hearts of white moderates, and create compassion in the minds of the eight clergyman to which the "Letter" is directed. In response to the clergyman's claim that his use of direct action was "untimely," King states, "We have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional and God-given rights." As you can see, this statement is in direct relation to the clergyman's "untimely" notion, but one would do good to realize his underlying audience. The "we" in this statement refers to his "black brothers and sisters" taking an active role in the civil rights movement. So what this statement does in terms of pathos is to light the fire of inspiration under his black brothers and sisters and have them realize that 340 yea...

Human Factors Engineering †Geriatrics Essay

Professionals in gerontology and geriatrics estimate that by the middle of the 21st century, more than 60 million of people in the United States will be older than 65. Many of these people will cross the 85-age-line (Schulz, 2007). In this context, old people do not simply live longer, but remain active and productive and strive to preserve their individual independence even in older age. Obviously, these demographic shifts are extremely challenging to society. As long as the process of aging is associated with biological, psychological, physiological, and cognitive changes, older people face a whole set of issues, when trying to preserve stability of their links with the real-world environments. These are often impossible without using technologies. Human factors engineering is expected to make valuable contribution in geriatrics, making aging population less vulnerable to the abovementioned changes, and enhancing the quality of life among older adults. As a multidisciplinary science, human factors engineering is about numerous issues, but in this work special attention will be given to home and work activities (social aspects of human factors engineering), as well as the problems older people may experience with vision and hearing (individual aspects of human factors engineering). To begin with, â€Å"human factors engineering is the study of human beings and their interactions with products, environments, and equipment in the performance of tasks and activities† (Schulz, 2007). It is a multidisciplinary field in that it encompasses the disciplines of psychology, physiology, engineering, biomechanics, and computer science. Regardless of whether in aging, in pediatrics, or in adulthood, human factors engineering seeks to identify specific human capabilities, their limitations associated with age, the impact of these limitations on individuals’ interactions with the real-world environments, and the ways of improving these interactions. When it comes to geriatrics as the science of aging, human factors engineering is to address the four essential aspects, which actually shape an older person’s reality: work, home, transportation, and product design (Schulz, 2007). Some authors also include communication, safety and security, and leisure into the list of critical human factors engineering elements in aging (Czaja, 1990). Certainly, home and home activities present the greatest challenges to older people. Against a common belief, many older people live alone and have to cope (or even to fight) with a whole set of home activities. Apart from living alone, many older people are likely to spend most of their time at home, and many of them will also face a difficulty in performing even simple tasks like bathing, cooking, washing, cleaning, etc. The most common home traumas include falls, burns (e. g. from cooking), and poisoning from gases and vapors (Czaja, 1990). Given that to live alone for older people means to preserve their individuality, and that performing their home tasks without external assistance works to enhance their self-esteem, several technological and social solutions can help older people cope with these challenges. First of all, appropriate home design may substantially reduce the risk of traumas; convenient stairways, better lighting, handrails – all these can successfully remedy human factors issues in geriatrics (Schulz, 2007). Second, when it comes to household chores, a range of in-home services including delivered meals and home health visits can â€Å"extend the ability of the elderly to live independently† (Czaja, 1990). However, older people’s striving to independence is not limited to home activities. Work remains one of the critical factors of social and individual success later in life. Objectively, and in the light of the current demographic trends, businesses are no longer able to design work environments in a way that fits both younger and older workers; â€Å"clearly, most businesses and industries now need to develop strategies to accommodate an aging workforce† (Schulz, 2007). In this context, the two essential individual factors of aging come into place. First, business owners face a challenge of compensating for age-related visual deficits. Second, they are also bound to comply and cope with hearing issues in older workers. These two aspects are fairly regarded as the two most important human engineering factors of aging (Charness & Schaie, 2003). It is difficult to deny the fact that the changes in peripheral vision, color perceptions, motion perceptions, as well as anatomical changes in hearing, the loss of frequency and intensity of sound perceptions, as well as distorted sound localization may significantly reduce and even discriminate against the older worker’s desire and ability to work. At the same time, more and more older people remain in the workforce; many of them undertake part-time jobs. Not only does work help older people preserve their individuality and independence, but it also relieves the social and unemployment burden at the state and federal levels (Czaja, 1990). That is why businesses do not have any other choice but to seek effective human factors engineering solutions to cope with the discussed issues. Unfortunately, although the amount of information about aging is affluent, the data on the implications of aging for work is rather scarce. Generally, books on human factors engineering refer to ergonomic considerations (better workplace design, accommodation, and possible use of assistive technologies), equipment redesign, and possible training needs (Schulz, 2007). These, however, do not address such factors of aging in work environments as absenteeism and turnover (Czaja, 1990). As a result, when it comes to work environments, jobs for older people should be designed to help them preserve their productivity and remain a part of the workforce, even when the need to be absent from work arises. For example, the use of computer technologies could help older people take jobs that do not require leaving their homes. When it comes to vision and hearing issues, a range of information processing computer software could be utilized to enhance the quality of older people’s interactions with the real world (Charness & Schaie, 2003). In similar ways, technology can be successfully used to help older people train their memory, cognitive skills, and attention. For example, older people can be trained to use computer technologies as a part of their attention and memory improvement strategies. Similar recommendations can also cover the areas of communication, transportation, and leisure. Unfortunately, professional human factors engineering research is only at the initial stage of its evolution, and whether older people are given a chance to participate in the major life activities also depends on how well human factors engineering professionals will perform in terms of empirical and practical research. Also, how well businesses and authorities use and implement recommendations and requirements presented as a result of human factors engineering research will predetermine older’ people success in socialization, work, communication and other life activities. Conclusion Human factors engineering is a multidisciplinary science that studies the ways in which humans interact with different environments. When it comes to geriatrics, human factors engineering is expected to study older people’s work and personal capabilities, their limitations, and the ways of addressing and overcoming them. Given that more and more older people live alone and strive to keep their jobs as a matter of better self-esteem and independence, many of them may face serious challenges associated with inevitable physiological biological, cognitive, and mechanical changes. Although the data regarding possible human factors solutions is rather limited, it is very probable that the nearest decade will give older people broader opportunities for self-realization in various social domains, from work to leisure and communication.

Analysis Of The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde,...

During the Victorian era, the United Kingdom underwent many social, political and economic reforms for a more modern society. These series of reforms are directly represented in the literature of the time. An excellent example is, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson, which gives a direct image of what Victorian era was like with his writing style as well as the story itself. Specifically, Stevenson portrays exactly how Victorian social life commenced as well as displays the main points of social standards of the time. Robert Louis Stevenson uses individual characters in the novella to accurately depict how people protected their social standing and reputation during the Victorian era. Mr. Utterson provides insight on how members of Victorian society viewed and judged one another. Throughout the novella, Mr. Utterson is partaking in somewhat of a detective role in an attempt to learn more about Mr. Hyde, who is the primary recipient of all of Dr. Jekyll’s belongings; stated in his will. He first hears of Mr. Edward Hyde from his distant relative while on a walk one day. His relative, Mr. Enfield describes Mr. Hyde as a deformed and detestable man (Stevenson 12). However the conversation abruptly ends when Mr. Utterson explains that he knows of this man and a relationship he has with a one, Dr. Jekyll. As soon as Mr. Enfield realizes that his relative, as well as, a doctor of a high social standing knew such a hideously disfigured andShow MoreRelated Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2888 Words   |  12 PagesAnalysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson In an attempt to consider the duality tale, one narrative inevitably finds its way to the top of the heap as the supreme archetype: Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Immense disagreement permeates the pages of literary criticism relevant to the meaning of the story. Yet, for all of the wrangling focused on the psychology, morality, spirituality, and sociality of the story, itRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson1530 Words   |  7 Pageslocation in the 1800’s during the Victorian era in this novel. 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Dr. Henry Jekyll is a well-knownRead MoreAnalysis of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay557 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Everyone has heard of Jekyll and Hyde. The two infamous characters that portray the main roles in The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde. Yet, even with this phenomenal status of the book, surprisingly, not many people know what is really represented inside its pages. Firstly, to understand what made The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde a classical story known by young and old alike, we must look at where it began. AsRead MoreCharacter Analysis On Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde.Jean Paul1213 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter Analysis on Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Jean Paul Richter defines doppelgà ¤ngers as â€Å"people who see themselves.† One would think that such would be the case for the two main characters in the book The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, but it is quite the opposite (until the end of the novel when the reader finds out that the two main characters are in fact one). Dr. Jekyll creates Mr. Hyde in the hopes of expelling evilness and temptation from himself,Read MoreDr. Jekyll s Death Or Disappearance Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesexamines Dr. Jekyll s will, which he remembers had strange stipulations referring to the Mr. Hyde Enfield discussed. The will provides that in the case of Henry Jekyll s death or disappearance, all of his possessions should be given to the Edward Hyde. Utterson was uncomfortable when Jekyll originally requested this stipulation, and is further upset by it after hearing of Mr. Hyde s despicable behavior. After considering the implications of the will with what he has learned about Edward Hyde, Utterson

Human Nature In Fahrenheit 451 - 1349 Words

Intro: Through the representation of politics, one can gain insight as the how they highlight the best or worst of human nature. The Crucible a play by Arthur Miller, is an allegory for the Cold War politics and examines the tensions that occur between one s perception of what is moral according to human nature when constrained by a theocratic society. Fahrenheit 451 a dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury, shows how oppressive governments can never succeed in trying to force conformity in one s human nature. The Lottery is a dystopian shirt story, by Shirley Jackson and demonstrates conformity and rebellion, and how overpowering a community can be against an individual. Para 1: Miller s criticises the controlling nature of a strict†¦show more content†¦Through the contrasting perspectives of these two characters and their differencing natures, Miller is able to highlight the problems faced with a controlling government. Para 2 (option 1): Similarly, Bradbury urges audiences to recognise the importance of individual rights of expression, by contrasting a uniform government and an individual. Bradbury represents the extremes of diametrically opposite values of societal opponent Guy Montag, and supporter Captain Beatty. Guy Montag is a civil servant, whom never questions what his purpose is as explaining, Was I given a choice? My grandfather and father were firemen. In my sleep, I ran after them.. Yet, Montag quickly revolts against the government by stealing a book and his hands become symbolic of his desire to question, â€Å"His hand had done it all, his hand, †¦ with a conscience and a curiosity in each trembling finger†. This change in nature causes Montag to feel â€Å"his body divide itself †¦, the two halves grinding one upon the other.†. Opposingly, Beatty doesn’t see himself as bad natured, but a protector metaphorically describing his job as standing â€Å"against the small tide of those who want to make everyone unhappy with conflicting theory and thought.†. Beatty feels that this regime is necessary for society to succeed, metaphorically stating We re all sheep who have strayed at times.. Beatty consistently stresses the need toShow MoreRelatedSymbolism : Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1144 Words   |  5 Pagessighting on the obvious. The in-depth analysis of the use of symbolism will feature in a short story-Fahrenheit 451 (Fenton). Fahrenheit 451 is a science fiction artistic work of literature that makes use of symbols in the reflection of the humanity journey revived in a dystopian society ruled by the inception of technology. Symbols hailing from nature and technology portray assessment (bleak) of human temperament in satisfying natural desires with constructions by men. The most used symbols includeRead MoreFahrenheit 4511365 Words   |  6 PagesBradbury s novel, Fahrenheit 451, was written at the onset of the fifties as a call to the Amer ican people to reflect on how the dominant social values of their times were effecting both the lives of individual Americans and their government. Fahrenheit 451 attacks utopian government and focuses on society s foolishness of always being politically correct. (Mogen 113). According to Mogen, Fahrenheit 451 depicts a world in which the American Dream has turned into a nightmare because it has beenRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 1591 Words   |  7 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is a display of how humans are relying more and more on technology for entertainment at the price of their ability for intellectual development. It is a novel about technological dystopia, often compared to other novels such as, George Orwell’s 1984 and Asimov Ender’s Game. 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Although entertaining, texts such as these are didactic and must be taken seriously, as they communicate messages to audiences regarding prevalent concerns and possible futures basedRead MoreSocial Critism Presented throughout Fantasy in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury and The Memoirs of a Survivor by Doris Lessing1515 Words   |  6 Pagesaddresses cultural, economic and political issues in a society. This paper will analyze two fiction based novels and the social criticism present throughout this genre of fantasy. With regards to social criticism, this paper will compare and contrast Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury and The Memoirs of a Survivor by Doris Lessing by analyzing how criticism is displayed according to the issues present in the novels, how violence or madness is portrayed and lastly, the pastoral utopian concept of a better placeRead MoreCold War in the Eyes of Ray Bradbury1689 Words   |  7 Pageswrote two very distinctly different novels in the early Cold War era. The first was The Martian Chronicles (1950) know for its â€Å"collection† of short stories that, by name, implies a broad historical rather than a primarily individual account and Fahrenheit 451 (1953), which centers on Guy Montag. The thematic similarities of Mars coupled with the state of the American mindset during the Cold War era entwine the two novels on the surface. Moreover, Bradbury was â€Å"preventing futures† as he stated in anRead MoreFahrenheit 451 And Anthem Analysis1273 Words   |  6 Pagesanother h uman from thinking for themselves? How does a person cope with oppression? In the novels Fahrenheit 451 and Anthem, the characters face the tyranny of their governments. Corrupt leadership becomes an obstacle that the protagonists of both novels must overcome. The frightening communities in the books help to demonstrate the effects of restricting free-thinking. In Fahrenheit 451 and Anthem, the authors Ray Bradbury and Ayn Rand focus on dystopian societies to prove that human nature alwaysRead MoreAuthority Individual1437 Words   |  6 PagesIn Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury, authority is viewed as ruthless and the individual is portrayed as innocent. This is also emphasised in two related texts, Whose Life Is It Anyway? By Brian Clark, and Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont. The themes of ruthlessness and innocence are exemplified throughout all three texts, through the concept of the authority and the individual. In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, authority is depicted as ruthless. This is shown throughout theRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury960 Words   |  4 PagesRay Bradbury’s â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† is an ever-flickering flame that refuses to be doused. With haunting artistry, Bradbury paints a desolate world of alienated, mechanized human beings who are more connected to their television screen â€Å"families† than they are to the spouses with whom they share a pillow at night. As the protagonist, Guy Montag, so evocatively states, â€Å"There are billions of us and that’s too many. Nobody knows anyone.† The advancement of technology, â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† suggests, has paradoxicallyRead MoreReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 In Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451, the author utilizes the luxuries of life in America today, in addition to various occupations

The Measure Of Freshwater On The Planet - 1375 Words

Earth is home to a huge variety of animals, but only one overwhelms the rest. It is people and our cunning and our inventive way of living, that have altered all aspects of our planet. It is humanity that have caused many worldwide issue that the earth and its creatures are facing today. There are presently more than 7 billion of us on Earth. As our numbers keep on developing, we keep on expanding our requirement for significantly more water, much more nourishment, much more land, significantly more transport and significantly more vitality. Subsequently, we are quickening the rate at which we re changing our atmosphere. What s more, every one of these issues are progressively getting worse as we keep on developing towards a worldwide†¦show more content†¦Generally, just 0.007 percent of the planet s water is accessible to fuel and nourish its 6.8 billion individuals. Because of topography, atmosphere, designing, regulation, and rivalry for assets, a few locales appear to be moderately flush with freshwater, while others face dry spell and weakening contamination. In a great part of the creating scene, clean water is either difficult to find or a ware that requires relentless work or critical cash to get. Wherever they are, individuals need water to survive. Not just is the human body 60 percent water, the asset is additionally fundamental for delivering nourishment, garments, and PCs, moving our waste stream, and keeping us and the earth solid. Tragically, people have ended up being wasteful water clients. As indicated by the United Nations, water use has developed at more than double the rate of populace increment in the most recent century. By 2025, an expected 1.8 billion individuals will live in regions tormented by water lack, with 66% of the world s populace living in water-focused on areas as a consequence of utilization, development, and environmental change. The test we confront now is the way to viably ration, oversee, and disperse the water we have. National Geographic s Freshwater Web website urges you to investigate the neighborhood stories and worldwide patterns characterizing the world s water

Legal Research and Writing Supreme and State Court

Question: Describe about the Legal Research and Writing for Supreme and State Court. Answer: Introduction Judiciary is one of the most important branches of Singapore government along with the two other branches namely Executive and Legislature. As per article 93 of Singaporean Constitution, the judicial power is authorized to the Supreme Court and State courts. The head of the Singaporean Supreme Court is the Chief Justice (Supreme Court, 2016b). Supreme Court of Singapore The Supreme Court of Singapore comprises of the High Court along with the Court of Appeal, which deals with civil as well as criminal cases. The Supreme Court consists of a panel of members, including the Chief Justice, Judges, Judges of Appeal, Senior Judges, Judicial commissioners and International Judges. Registrar is the key individual who heads the registry of the Supreme Court. The Registrar is supported by the Deputy Registrar. In addition, the Registrar is also assisted by the Senior Assistant Manager as well as the Assistant Registrar. The Supreme Court also consists of Law Clerks, who operate under the guidance of Chief Justice. The function of the law clerks helps in research of the laws with regard to the appeals, which is made in-front of the Court of Appeal (Singapore Academy of Law, 2013a). Court of Appeal. Court of Appeal is a judicial body that hears the appeal of the people against the decisions made by the High Court with regards to criminal and civil matters. It is headed by the Chief Justice and consists of three judges. The Court of Appeal is regarded as Singapores highest court and is considered to be the upper division of Singapores Supreme Court (Singapore Academy of Law, 2016b). Under the Judiciary Act, the Judge of the Court of Appeal can also administer the High Court, when he is free from the proceedings of the Court of Appeal. The Chief Justice has the right to appoint an inferior judge to his rank for sitting into to the Court of Appeal, which might tend to increase the effectiveness of courts. The decision taken regarding the Court of Appeal is also obligatory for all the courts in the judicial system (Tan, 2015). High Court. The High Court comprises of puisne judges in addition to the Judicial Commissioners, which consists of appellate as well as original jurisdictions. With regards to the appellate jurisdictions, the High Court focuses more on the appeals of the Magistrates Court. Original jurisdiction involves the hearings that are outside the jurisdiction of the subordinate courts such as Magistrates Court. For example, the High Court deals in cases such murder and cases which involves damages worth $250,000 (Tan, 2015). The High Court in Singapore is the considered to be lower division of the Supreme Court and consists of members such as Chief Justice and High Court Judges. The function of the High Court is to listen to civil cases in addition to the criminal ones. The other function of High Court is to hear the appeals on decisions that have been made in District as well as in Magistrate Courts. The High Court also has supervisory jurisdiction in addition to the revisionary jurisdiction (Singapore Government, 2016). Role of Supreme Court. The role of the Singaporean Supreme Court is to maintain the law and make sure that the justice is provided to everyone. A President is the one responsible for appointing the Chief Justice on the basis of Prime Ministers advice. The Supreme Court being the highest law governing body listens to appeals from both the High Court and States Court. The key role of the Supreme Court ensures that the laws are properly maintained all over the country (Supreme Court, 2016a). Figure 1: Relationship between the Judiciary and the Supreme Court Source: (Supreme Court, 2016a). State Courts State Courts are the law-makers for most of the cases that are filed by the people of the organizations in order to come up with an effective decision (George Yoon, 2016). The shared vision of the State Courts of Singapore is to influence public confidence and trust with the help of effective judicial systems. The mission of the State Courts of Singapore is to serve the society by making quality judgments and providing the public with excellent community services. The core values of the Singaporean State courts their fairness, accessibility, independence, integrity, responsiveness and most importantly impartiality (State Courts Singapore, 2016c). The Singaporean State Courts consists of District Courts along with Magistrates Court. The State Courts are also made up of small claim tribunals and specialized courts. The Specialized Courts of Singapore include Juvenile courts and family courts. State Court is considered to be important in Singapore as it deals in more than 95% of the total judiciary cases. The State Courts are administered by the Chief District Judge. The Chief administrator is assisted by a team of officers, who are responsible for passing the judgment before the cases are taken to the State Court (Singapore Academy of Law, 2013b). Magistrate Courts. One of the components of the Singaporean State Courts is the Magistrate Court, which acts as the law governing body and deals with the cases, where the period of imprisonment is even less than five years. The Magistrates Courts also includes cases that can be solved with payment of fines or penalties. The Magistrates Court of Singapore also has the jurisdiction, which can give order for imprisonment, even exceeding the time limit of 3 years in some cases as per the Common Gaming Houses Act (Cap 49). The company can also charge an individual as per their Miscellaneous Offences Act (State Courts Singapore, 2016b). District Court. The District Court of Singapore is the judiciary body that looks after the criminal case in which the imprisonment for crime is less than ten years and can be solved with the fine payment by the offender. With regard to the fine, the District Court can only charge the offender with fine, which is below $30,000. The District Court can pass any combined sentences that are authorized as per the law. The Court has jurisdiction to sentence the offender for more than ten years time-period, as per the Companies Act (Cap 50) along with the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap 185). The District can also sentence the offender as per the Securities Industry Act (Cap 289) and Prevention of Corruption Act (Cap 241) (State Courts Singapore, 2016b). As per the case of Public Prosecutor v Tan Kim Hup [2016] SGHC 237, the offender was convicted under the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap 185). As per this, the accused was guilty of having 27 diamorphine packets in his possession as a part of his trafficking business. The case was serious enough for the high court to deal with as the offense might results in death-sentence. (Singapore Academy of Law, 2016a). Conclusion It can be said that the Supreme Court of Singapore is a Judiciary body, which looks after both the criminal as well civil cases. The Supreme Court is divided into two groups, which are Court of Appeal and High Court. The Court of Appeal is the highest division of the Supreme Court and the High Court is the lower division of the court. The Supreme Court is administered by the Chief Justice along with other officials. State Courts of Singapore are essential part of Judiciary systems as it handles more than 95% of the total cases relating to civil and criminal matters. The State Court of Singapore is made up of Magistrates Court and District Courts. These courts deal with cases which can sentence the offender for lesser time period or can even order the offender to pay certain amount of fine. 2. Primary and Secondary Sources of Law Introduction The Singaporean law is based on constitution, legislation, laws made by the judge and subsidiary legislation. The Constitution of Singapore has created primary principles and framework, under which the three branches of government operates, namely the executive branch, legislative and judicial branch. The Executive branch consists of the President along with the Cabinet, while the Legislature branch comprises the President with the support of Parliament, who are together responsible for passing the legislation. The Judicial branch finally entails an independent body, whose function is to administer justice and is protected by the Constitution of Singapore (Singapore Lawyers, 2016). Primary Sources of Singaporean Law Primary sources of law are statements that have been authorized by the government body such as the president, the courts and legislature (Oesterle Library, 2008). The primary sources of law in Singapore are primary legislation, electronic sources of legislation, treaties, common law and case law. Primary Legislation and Electronic Sources. The primary legislation is a joint plan made by the Chamber of Attorney General along with Finance Ministry, Management of Excellence Office and the Singaporean Statutes Online, which gives the people of Singapore full access to the acts that are enforced by the Parliament. The Statutes Online of Singapore is often regarded as the division of versioned legislation database (VLDB). This includes official bills along with Singaporean subsidiary legislation and the Acts. The Singapore Statutes also provides the public with the facility to search for any act (IBP, Inc., 2015). The electronic sources of law include the bills introduced during the initiation of the 10th Parliament. The bills are available on the website of Singapore Parliament. The statutes of Singapore are regarded as the source for primary legislation that is widely available in the form of printed documents (Sim, 2007). Common Law. The common law of Singapore is characterized by the principles of judicial standard. As per the doctrine, the laws are enforced by the judges with the help of legal principles with regard to the facts taken from some of the cases. The judges therefore apply for the ratio decidendi, which refers to the reason for making the decision. The use of the ratio decidendi, thus can be seen in the Court of Appeal along with the decision making process in the High Court, District Court and the Magistrates Court (Sim, 2007). General Primary Sources. LawNet is one of the general sources that have helped in the key legal research on Singapore, which is controlled by Singapore Academy of Law. The LawNet provides access to the legislation, treatises and case laws of Singapore, which includes subsidiary legislation, statutes, decisions made by various courts, law reports and unreported judgments. The primary sources also include Singapore Law Watch, which provides the public with legal news in addition to the RSS feeds on the basis of judgments that are taken by the Supreme Court of Singapore (National University of Singapore, 2014). Secondary Sources Secondary Sources of law are the materials that describe, interpret and analyze the nature of the law including law reviews, treatises and newspapers. The secondary sources are helpful in providing extensive citation with regard to the primary information in addition to other appropriate sources. The secondary sources of law provide examination of the primary laws, which helps in understanding the importance of primary laws in a better manner. The secondary sources of laws are used for the purpose of locating and explaining the primary sources, as it might affect the legal decisions without having any control over the primary sources. Library provides an extensive collection of secondary sources for law. Legal directories can also be taken as secondary sources as it provides detailed explanation of the legal terms. Another form of secondary law source comprises the interpreted law reports providing information about a particular law. The annotated report focuses on narrow legal matte rs and provides insights of the cases with regard to every jurisdiction. The annotated law reports also provide references with regard to the statutes, treaties, texts and law reviews (Library of Congress, 2015). Treatises are also a part of secondary sources. The treatises are helpful in focusing on a particular area of law. The reason for treatises to be considered as a part of secondary sources is its tendency to describe the law. The treatises are often considered good finder of the laws because of their influential nature, thereby providing an in-depth study of an area of law. Other secondary sources of law are the legal periodicals. These are the articles refer are important sources of law, which provides detailed information about the narrow area and issues of law. Legal periodicals are the articles comprising legal journals, which are theoretical and largely persuasive in nature, used primarily t for describing the laws effectively (Yale University, 2016), Some of the legal periodicals include Singapore Academy of Law Journal, Singapore Law Review and Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, which can be found both in printed as well as in electronic form (Bodleian Libraries, 2015). Conclusion The primary and secondary sources are immensely essential as it provides a large amount of information and helps in understanding of law. Primary sources include texts that are related to the law itself including the court cases. The importance of primary sources of law is that it enables the public to understand the operations that need to be undertaken. The primary source of law includes the punishments that are given to the individuals for breaking the law. With regards to the court cases, the primary sources of law also include information regarding the existing law. The secondary sources of law are often the written facts and information that helps in comprehending law followed by interpreting and analyzing the primary sources such as court cases. The importance of the secondary sources of law is that it provides other facts and information in addition to the analysis of court cases. The secondary sources are not the law but act as a commentary. The use of the secondary sources is helpful in understanding of laws and mostly includes journals and reports. References Bodleian Libraries. (2015). Singapore law journals. Retrieved from https://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/c.php?g=423097p=2889031 George, T. E. Yoon, A. H. (2016). Who sits in judgment on State Courts. The Gavel Gap, 2-28. IBP, Inc. (2015). Singapore criminal laws, regulations and procedures handbook: strategic information, regulations, procedures. USA: Lulu.com. Library of Congress. (2015). Guide to secondary legal resources. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/law/help/secondary-rsrcs.php National University of Singapore. (2014). Primary sources of law. Retrieved from https://libportal.nus.edu.sg/frontend/ms/c-j-koh-law-library/research/legal-resources-on-the-web/law-in-singapore/primary-sources-of-law#LegGen Oesterle Library. (2008). Primary and secondary sources in law. Oesterle Library Information Literacy Instruction Program, 1. Sim, T. Z. (2007). A guide to the Singapore legal systemand legal research. Retrieved from https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Singapore.html#_Primary_Sources_of_Law Singapore Academy of Law. (2013a). State Courts of Singapore. Retrieved from https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/singapore-legal-system/2013-01-28-11-14-34/state-courts Singapore Academy of Law. (2013b). Supreme Court of Singapore. Retrieved from https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/singapore-legal-system/2013-01-28-11-14-34/supreme-court Singapore Academy of Law. (2016a). Public prosecutor v Tan Kim Hup [2016] SGHC 237. Retrieved from https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/case-law/free-law/high-court-judgments/20443-public-prosecutor-v-tan-kim-hup Singapore Academy of Law. (2016b). Section 1 introduction. Retrieved from https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/overview/chapter-1 Singapore Government. (2016). Supervisory and revisionary jurisdiction. Retrieved from https://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=cb89582a-2235-45bc-a255-8c2c72d46b46;page=0;query=DocId%3A%224a6359f9-a3f3-45b9-aa01-c366b2b7c844%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 Singapore Lawyers. (2016). Law of Singapore. Retrieved from https://singapore-lawyers.com/laws-of-singapore.html State Courts Singapore. (2016a). District courts. Retrieved from https://www.statecourts.gov.sg/CriminalCase/Pages/District-Courts.aspx State Courts Singapore. (2016b). Magistrates' court. Retrieved from https://www.statecourts.gov.sg/CriminalCase/Pages/Magistrate's-Court.aspx State Courts Singapore. (2016c). The justice statement. Retrieved from https://www.statecourts.gov.sg/AboutStateCourts/Pages/TheJusticeStatement.aspx Supreme Court. (2016a). Role of Supreme Court. Retrieved from https://www.supremecourt.gov.sg/about-us/the-supreme-court/role-of-supreme-court Supreme Court. (2016b). Structure of the courts. Retrieved from https://www.supremecourt.gov.sg/about-us/the-supreme-court/structure-of-the-courts Tan, K. Y. L. (2015). The Constitution of Singapore: A contextual analysis. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Yale University. (2016). Secondarysources. Retrieved from https://library.law.yale.edu/secondary-sources

Product Mapping

Table of Contents Introduction Bases of positioning in the car industry Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Brands have a significant impact on an individual’s purchasing decision. Product brands can be considered to be culturally-based symbols with differing advantages associated to them. Currently, the automobile industry is characterized by a high degree of competitiveness (Gorman 2).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Product Mapping specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the reasons for the intense competition is the large number of brands within the industry. Some of the main car brands within the industry include BMW, Porsche, Toyota, Volkswagen, Playmouth and Mercedes. One of the general rules of the car industry relates to consumer perception. If a particular car brand appeals to the consumers, there is a high probability that its sales volumes shall be stronger. Consumers have developed differe nt perceptions regarding these brands. In order to determine the competiveness of various brands relative to one another, it is important for the respective management team to incorporate positioning mapping (Auster, Wylie and Valante 23). Brand positioning entails emphasizing a product’s distinctiveness in relation to certain characteristics which the consumers considers most relevant. Product positioning enables a firm to compare and contrast its brand against competing brands. Through a position map, it is possible for a firm’s management team to develop a positioning strategy. The strategy can either be through product differentiation culminating into the firm attaining a relatively high competitive advantage. There are various dimensions through which a firm can consider when developing a product map. This paper is aimed at analyzing the concept of position mapping in relation to the car industry. Bases of positioning in the car industry With regard to the car ind ustry, some of the key dimensions which consumers consider include Classy/affordable Sportiness or conservative The graph below gives an illustration of a position map in relation to BMW, Porsche, Toyota, Volkswagen, Playmouth, and Mercedes car brands according to consumer brand perception. From the illustration below, it is evident that consumers consider Porsche to be the most classiest and sportiest of all the cars. This is illustrated by Porsches location on the top right corner.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the characteristics which make consumers consider Porsche as very classic and sporty is its make. The car has a rear wheel drive characteristic and a capacity of 6 vacuum controlled flaps. This increases the cars output and hence the power generated. The close position of BMW to Porsche indicates that consumers consider the two brands to be similar in re lation to the two dimensions considered. The BMW car model has got a relatively high horse power and fuel efficiency. This development was aimed at bridging the gap between BMW and other sports cars. Therefore Porsche brand is facing stiff competition from the BMW brand. In order to maintain its competitiveness, it is paramount for Porsche Automobile Holding to consider differentiating Porsche car model in order to improve its competitiveness. Despite the improvements made on the Mercedes, consumers still consider the model to be conservative. This arises from the fact that the car has retained its traditional model. However, a significant proportion of consumers consider the model to be classy. Its conservative model makes most consumers to consider the model as being unique from other car models (Adler Moss 69).Its position indicates that the brand does not face stiff competition. In order to penetrate the market, Playmouth car brand targeted the low price market. This makes the model to be very affordable. In addition, the model has remained to be conservative over the years in relation to its design. The model is not faced with stiff competition. Volkswagen is manufactured using high quality materials. This gives the car a classy look. In addition, the cost of Volkswagen is relatively low which makes it to be affordable. In addition, the car has low fuel consumption and a high speed. This makes consumers to attain value for their money. Its safety features such as stability control makes it appealing to the customers. On the other hand, consumers perceive Toyota to be sporty and affordable. However, the model has been overtaken by BMW over the past few years (Larry 1). Figure 1: Position mapAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Product Mapping specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Position mapping plays an important role in a firm’s effort to determine the competitiveness of its products. By comparing the position of the products relative to other competing products, a firm’s management team is able to determine the most effective competitive strategy to adopt. This may either entail developing a positioning strategy such as through differentiation. Considering the competitive nature of the car industry, it is paramount for firms to consider integrating the concept of position mapping. This should be undertaken by considering various bases which affect the consumers’ perception. In the car industry, consumers have developed perception of the car models based on sportiness/ conservative and classic versus affordability. By evaluating the position of its product, a firm should consider the most effective strategy to adopt so as to reposition the product. There is a high probability of repositioning affecting the consumer product perception. Works Cited Adler, Dennis and Moss, Stirling. Mercedes Benz. New York: MotorBook International, 2001. Print. Auster, Ellen, Wylie, Krista and Valante, Michael. Strategic organizational change: building change capabilities in your organization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Print. Gorman, John. Car brands competition in the automobile industry. New York: Hubpages Incorporation, 2010. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Larry, John. BMW replaces Toyota as most valuable global car brand. 29. Aug. 2010. 30 Oct. 2010. Web. This essay on Product Mapping was written and submitted by user Luckman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.